Title: Phonetics IPA

Term: bilabial
Class of term: place of articulation
Definition: both lips close together
Examples: [p], [b], [m]
[ʙ], [ɸ], [β]

Term: labiodental
Class of term: place of articulation
Definition: lower lip against upper front teeth
Examples: [f], [v]
[ɱ], [ⱱ], [ʋ]

Term: dental
Class of term: place of articulation
Definition: tongue tip or blade between front teeth, or behind upper front teeth
Examples: [θ], [ð]

Term: alveolar
Class of term: place of articulation
Definition: tongue tip or blade at/near (upper) alveolar ridge
Examples: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [ɾ], [ɹ]
[r], [ɬ], [ɮ]

Term: palato-alveolar (post-alveolar)
Class of term: place of articulation
Definition: tongue tip or blade just behind alveolar ridge, at front of hard palate
Examples: [ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ], [dʒ]

Term: retroflex
Class of term: place of articulation
Definition: tip of tongue curled back behind alveolar ridge
Examples: [ʈ], [ɖ], [ɳ], [ɽ], [ʂ], [ʐ], [ɻ], [ɭ]

Term: palatal
Class of term: place of articulation
Definition: body or front of tongue near center of hard palate
Examples: [j]
[c], [ɟ], [ɲ], [ç], [ʝ], [ʎ]

Term: velar
Class of term: place of articulation
Definition: back part of tongue body raised near velum (soft palate)
Examples: [k], [g], [ŋ]
[x], [ɣ], [ɰ], [ʟ]

Term: glottal
Class of term: place of articulation
Definition: air is constricted at larynx
Examples: [ʔ], [h]
[ɦ]

Term: (oral) stop
Class of term: manner of articulation
Definition: airstream completely obstructed in oral cavity (articulators completely closed)
Examples: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [ʔ]
[ʈ], [ɖ], [c], [ɟ], [q], [ɢ]

Term: fricative
Class of term: manner of articulation
Definition: nearly complete obstruction in vocal tract, turbulent hissing noice (frication) produced
Examples: [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h]
[ɸ], [β], [ʂ], [ʐ], [ç], [ʝ], [x], [ɣ], [χ], [ʁ], [ħ], [ʕ], [ɦ]

Term: affricate
Class of term: manner of articulation
Definition: briefly stop airflow then release slightly so frication is produced, also described as a stop + fricative
Examples: [tʃ], [dʒ]

Term: nasal
Class of term: manner of articulation
Definition: Air is stopped in the oral cavity, but velum (soft palate) is lowered, opening the nasal passage
Examples: [m], [n], [ŋ]
[ɱ], [ɳ], [ɲ], [ɴ]

Term: approximant
Class of term: manner of articulation
Definition: constriction of vocal tract not narrow enough to block it or cause turbulence
Examples: [l], [ɹ], [j], [w], [ʍ]
[ʋ], [ɻ], [ɭ], [ʎ], [ɰ], [ʟ],

Term: liquid
Class of term: manner of articulation
Definition: a type of approximant, with more constriction than a glide, and change of quality depending where the sound is in the word - essentially a cover term for [l], [ɹ]
Examples: [l], [ɹ]

Term: glide
Class of term: manner of articulation
Definition: a type of approximant, with slight closure of the articulators plus some movement of the articulators during production
Examples: [w]

Term: tap / flap
Class of term: manner of articulation
Definition: like a stop, a complete obstruction of the oral cavity, but much faster
Examples: [ɾ]
[ⱱ], [ɽ]

Symbol: [p]
Definition: voiceless bilabial stop

Symbol: [b]
Definition: voiced bilabial stop

Symbol: [m]
Definition: voiced bilabial nasal

Symbol: [ʍ]
Definition: voiceless labial-velar approximant
Name of Symbol: turned w
Example Words: which, who (in old-fashioned British English)

Symbol: [w]
Definition: voiced labial-velar approximant

Symbol: [f]
Definition: voiceless labiodental fricative

Symbol: [v]
Definition: voiced labiodental fricative

Symbol: [θ]
Definition: voiceless dental fricative
Name of Symbol: [θitə] (theta)
Example Words: think, thigh, bath

Symbol: [ð]
Definition: voiced dental fricative
Name of Symbol: [ɛð] (eth)
Example Words: this, thy, mother

Symbol: [t]
Definition: voiceless alveolar stop

Symbol: [d]
Definition: voiced alveolar stop

Symbol: [s]
Definition: voiceless alveolar fricative

Symbol: [z]
Definition: voiced alveolar fricative

Symbol: [ɾ]
Definition: voiced alveolar tap
Name of Symbol: fish-hook r
Example Words: butter, better in American English

Symbol: [n]
Definition: voiced alveolar nasal

Symbol: [l]
Definition: voiced alveolar lateral approximant

Symbol: [ɹ]
Definition: voiced alveolar approximant
Name of Symbol: turned r
Example Words: rap, drive

Symbol: [ʃ]
Definition: voiceless post-alveolar fricative
Name of Symbol: [ɛʃ] (esh)
Example Words: ship, fresh

Symbol: [ʒ]
Definition: voiced post-alveolar fricative
Name of Symbol: [ɛʒ] (ezh), tailed z
Example Words: vision, measure

Symbol: [tʃ]
Definition: voiceless post-alveolar affricate
Example Words: church, batch

Symbol: [dʒ]
Definition: voiced post-alveolar affricate
Example Words: judge, bridge

Symbol: [j]
Definition: voiced palatal approximant

Symbol: [k]
Definition: voiceless velar stop

Symbol: [g]
Definition: voiced velar stop

Symbol: [ŋ]
Definition: voiced velar nasal
Name of Symbol: [ɛŋ] (eng)
Example Words: sing, English

Symbol: [ʔ]
Definition: voiceless glottal stop
Name of Symbol: glottal stop
Example Words: uh-oh, kitten in casual English

Symbol: [h]
Definition: voiceless glottal fricative
Example Words: heart

Term: high/close vowel
Class of term: vowel quality
Definition: raise body of tongue
Examples: [i], [ɪ], [u], [ʊ]
[y], [ʏ], [ɨ], [ʉ], [ɯ],

Term: mid vowel
Class of term: vowel quality
Definition: tongue in middle (resting) position, neither high nor low
Examples: [ɛ], [ɜ], [ə], [ʌ], [ɔ]
[e], [ø], [ɘ], [ɵ], [ɤ], [o], [œ], [ɞ]

Term: low/open vowel
Class of term: vowel quality
Definition: jaw open, tongue low in mouth
Examples: [æ], [ɑ], [ɒ]
[ɐ], [a], [ɶ]

Term: front vowel
Class of term: vowel quality
Definition: tongue advanced
Examples: [i], [ɪ], [ɛ], [æ];
[y], [ʏ], [e], [ø], [œ]; possibly [a], [ɶ]

Term: central vowel
Class of term: vowel quality
Definition: tongue neither advanced nor retracted
Examples: [ɜ], [ə]
[ɨ], [ʉ], [ɘ], [ɵ], [ɞ], [ɐ]; possibly [a], [ɶ]

Term: back vowel
Class of term: vowel quality
Definition: tongue retracted
Examples: [u], [ʊ], [ʌ], [ɔ], [ɑ], [ɒ]
[ɯ], [ɤ], [o]

Symbol: [i]
Definition: close/high front unrounded vowel
Example Words: leap, feet

Symbol: [ɪ]
Definition: near-close/near-high near-front unrounded vowel
Name of Symbol: small capital I
Example Words: fit, hid, singing

Symbol: [u]
Definition: close/high back rounded vowel
Example Words: who, hoot; pool, German Hut

Symbol: [ʊ]
Definition: near-close/near-high back rounded vowel
Name of Symbol: [əpsɪlɒn] (upsilon)
Example Words: put, foot

Symbol: [e]
Definition: close-mid/mid-high front unrounded vowel
Example Words: German sehnen, Meer; French clé, chez

Symbol: [ə]
Definition: mid central vowel
Name of Symbol: [ʃwɑ] (schwa)
Example Words: about, until, mother; French reposer

Symbol: [ɛ]
Definition: open-mid/mid-low front unrounded vowel
Name of Symbol: [ɛpsɪlɒn] (epsilon)
Example Words: bed, head

Symbol: [ɜ]
Definition: open-mid/mid-low central unrounded vowel
Name of Symbol: reversed epsilon
Example Words: her, bird, hurt (British English)

Symbol: [ɔ]
Definition: open-mid/mid-low back rounded vowel
Name of Symbol: open o
Example Words: off, cawed, lord, laud; German kommen; French sort, hôpital

Symbol: [ʌ]
Definition: open-mid/mid-low back unrounded vowel
Name of Symbol: turned V
Example Words: bus, run, won, flood

Symbol: [æ]
Definition: near-open/near-low front unrounded vowel
Name of Symbol: [æʃ], ash
Example Words: had, bad, cat

Symbol: [a]
Definition: open/low front unrounded vowel
Example Words: German alles, Kalender; French là, femme

Symbol: [ɑ]
Definition: open/low back unrounded vowel
Name of Symbol: script a
Example Words: hard, heart

Symbol: [ɒ]
Definition: open/low back rounded vowel
Name of Symbol: turned script A
Example Words: hot, cod, what (British English)

Symbol: [eɪ]
Example Words: pay, away, say

Symbol: [aɪ]
Example Words: sky, buy, cry, tie

Symbol: [ɔɪ]
Example Words: boy, toy, soya

Symbol: [ɪə]
Example Words: beer, pier, hear, here

Symbol: [eə]
Example Words: bear, pair, hair

Symbol: [ʊə]
Example Words: tour, tourist, poor (Queen's English)

Symbol: [əʊ] (sometimes [oʊ])
Example Words: hoed, bode, so, no, phone

Symbol: [aʊ]
Example Words: how, brown, cow, council

Term: voiced
Class of term: type of sound
Definition: vocal folds are vibrating (while together)
Examples: [m], [b], [w], [v], [ð], [n], [d], [z], [ɹ], [l], [ʒ], [j], [ŋ], [g]

Term: voiceless
Class of term: type of sound
Definition: vocal folds are apart and not vibrating
Examples: [p], [f], [θ], [t], [s], [ʃ], [k], [ʔ], [h]

Term: articulators
Class of term: part of vocal tract
Definition: tongue and lips (used to form sounds)

Term: airstream process
Class of term: process
Definition: all the ways of moving air, primarily the respiratory system

Term: phonation process
Class of term: process
Definition: actions of the vocal folds (voiced or voiceless)

Term: oro-nasal process
Class of term: process
Definition: possibilty of the airstream going out through the mouth or nose

Term: articulatory process
Class of term: process
Definition: movements of tongue and lips interacting with the roof of the mouth and the pharynx

Term: parts of the upper vocal tract (and their locations)
Definition (list of items): lip, teeth, hard palate, alveolar ridge, soft palate (velum), uvula, pharynx wall

Term: parts of the lower vocal tract (and their locations)
Definition (list of items): lip; tip, blade, front, center, back, root (of tongue); epiglottis

Term: labial
Class of term: articulation (broad category)
Definition: speech gesture using the lips
Examples: bilabial, labiodental

Term: coronal
Class of term: articulation (broad category)
Definition: speech gesture using the tip or blade of the tongue
Examples: dental, alveolar, retroflex, post-alveolar

Term: dorsal
Class of term: articulation (broad category)
Definition: speech gesture using the back of the tongue
Examples: velar, palatal (? - uses the front of the tongue)

Term: rounded vowel
Class of term: vowel quality
Definition: lips are rounded (inward movement of corners of lips)
Examples: [u], [ʊ], [ɔ], [ɒ]
[y], [ʏ], [ʉ], [ø], [ɵ], [o], [œ], [ɞ], [ɶ]

Term: unrounded vowel
Class of term: vowel quality
Definition: lips are not rounded (no inward movement of corners of lips)
Examples: [i], [ɪ], [ɛ], [ɜ], [ʌ], [æ], [a], [ɑ]
[ɨ], [ɯ], [e], [ɘ], [ɤ]

Symbol: [ ̥ ] (e.g. [w̥])
Definition: voiceless (diacritic)
Name of Symbol: under-ring
Example Words: quick [kw̥ɪk], place [pl̥eɪs]

Symbol: [ʰ] (e.g. [tʰ])
Definition: aspirated
Name of Symbol: superscript h
Example Words: tap [tʰæp], kiss [kʰɪs]
(all English voiceless stops)

Symbol: [ ̪ ] (e.g. [d̪])
Definition: dental (diacritic)
Name of Symbol: subscript bridge
Example Words: at the [æt̪ðə], health [həl̪θ]

Symbol: [ˠ] or [ ̴ ] (e.g.[ ̴l] or [lˠ])
Definition: velarized (diacritic)
Name of Symbol: baby gamma or tilde
Example Words: pill [pʰɪ̴l]

Symbol: [ˈ] (e.g. [ˈmi])
Definition: primary stress
Example Words: miss [ˈmis]

Symbol: [ ̩ ] (e.g. [n̩])
Definition: syllabic (diacritic)
Example Words: mitten [ˈmiʔn̩]

Symbol: [ˌ] (e.g. [ˌki])
Definition: secondary stress
Example Words: complicated [ˈkɒmplɪˌkeɪtɪd]

Symbol: [   ̃ ] (e.g. [æ̃])
Definition: nasalized (diacritic)
Name of Symbol: tilde
Example Words: man [mæ̃n]

Symbol: [  ̚  ] (e.g. [t̚] or [t ̚ ])
Definition: no audible release (stops)
Name of Symbol: corner
Example Words: apt [ap̚t], cat [kʰæt̚] in the cat pushed

Symbol: [ː] (e.g. [iː])
Definition: long
Example Words: please [pl̥ɪːz]

Symbol: [ ͡   ] (e.g. [ʔ͡t])
Definition: tie
Name of Symbol: tie bar
Example Words: mat [mæʔ͡t]

Symbol: [ ˞  ] (e.g. [ɚ])
Definition: rhoticized (diacritic)
Name of Symbol: right hook
Example Words: her, herd in American English

Term: obstruent
Class of term: manner of articulation
Definition: fricative, stop or affricate

Term: tense vowel
Class of term: set of vowels
Definition: may occur in stressed open syllables
(may not be closed by [ŋ] or [ʃ])
Examples: [i], [eɪ], [oʊ], [u], [aɪ], [ju]
e.g. beat, bait, boat, boot, bite, cute - bee, bay, low, boo, buy, cue
exception: leash in British English ([i])

Term: lax vowel
Class of term: set of vowels
Definition: may not occur in stressed open syllables
shorter, lower and slightly more centralized than the corresponding ___ vowels
Examples: [ɪ], [ɛ], [ʊ], [ə/ʌ], [ɔɪ]
e.g. bit, bet, good, but, void (but not *bii, etc.)
exception: boy

Symbol: [pʼ]
Definition: bilabial ejective
Production Instructions: Hold your breath and make [p] sounds. Put your finger on your throat to check that your larynx (glottis) is moving up and down.
Alternatively, (1) make a glottal stop, (2) raise your larynx (imagine silently singing a very low note and moving to a very high note), (3) release the [p] closure while maintaining the glottal stop. (Don't worry about step 2 too much.)

Symbol: [tʼ]
Definition: dental/alveolar ejective
Production Instructions: Hold your breath and make [t] sounds. Put your finger on your throat to check that your larynx (glottis) is moving up and down.
Alternatively, (1) make a glottal stop, (2) raise your larynx (imagine silently singing a very low note and moving to a very high note), (3) release the [t] closure while maintaining the glottal stop. (Don't worry about step 2 too much.)
Alternatively, start with the pronunciation of button as [ˈbʌʔn̩] but finish with [ʌ] instead of [n̩], giving [ˈbʌʔtʌ]. Then
convert this to [ˈbʌʔtʼʔʌ] and finally to [ˈbʌtʼʌ] and (altering the
stress) to [bʌˈtʼʌ].

Symbol: [kʼ]
Definition: velar ejective
Example Words: Sometimes English bike
Production Instructions: Hold your breath and make [k] sounds. Put your finger on your throat to check that your larynx (glottis) is moving up and down.
Alternatively, (1) make a glottal stop, (2) raise your larynx (imagine silently singing a very low note and moving to a very high note), (3) release the [k] closure while maintaining the glottal stop. (Don't worry about step 2 too much.)

Term: ejective
Class of term: type of stop
Definition: upward movement of the glottis (instead of pulmonic airstream), used to produce stops (and maybe fricatives)
Examples: [pʼ], [tʼ], [kʼ]

Term: plosive
Class of term: type of stop
Definition: egressive (outward-moving) pulmonic airstream used to produce stop
Examples: all English stops except [ʔ], so [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] etc.

Term: implosive
Class of term: type of stop
Definition: downward movement of glottis (instead of pulmonic airstream) used to suck air in and produce stop
Examples: [ɓ], [ɗ], [ʄ], [ɠ], [ʛ]

Symbol: [ɓ]
Definition: voiced bilabial implosive
Name of Symbol: hooktop B
Production Instructions: Start from a fully voiced plosive, say [aba], making sure the voicing continues through the closure. Release the closure (open the lips) before the voicing stops.
Put your fingers on your larynx to feel it moving down during the closure.

Symbol: [ɗ]
Definition: voiced dental/alveolar implosive
Name of Symbol: hooktop D
Production Instructions: Start from a fully voiced plosive, say [ada], making sure the voicing continues through the closure. Release the closure (open the lips) before the voicing stops.
Put your fingers on your larynx to feel it moving down during the closure.

Symbol: [ʄ]
Definition: voiced palatal implosive
Name of Symbol: hooktop barred dotless J

Symbol: [ɠ]
Definition: voiced velar implosive
Name of Symbol: hooktop G

Symbol: [ʛ]
Definition: voiced uvular implosive
Name of Symbol: hooktop small capital G

Term: click
Class of term: type of stop
Definition: ingressive velaric airstream mechanism used to produce stop (back of tongue is raised against velum, pocket of air between velum and the stop's place of articulation is released)
Examples: [ʘ], [ǀ], [ǃ], [ǂ], [ǁ]

Symbol: [ʘ]
Definition: bilabial click
Name of Symbol: bull's eye
Production Instructions: Make a gentle kiss, except instead of puckering the lips, compress them in a straight line.
Hold your finger in front of your lips to feel the air rushing in. The back of your tongue should be touching your velum.

Symbol: [ǀ]
Definition: dental click
Name of Symbol: pipe
Production Instructions: Say a click expressing disapproval (tsk tsk)

Symbol: [ǃ]
Definition: (post-)alveolar click
Production Instructions: Make the sound sometimes used for encouraging horses, but with the tip (not the blade) of the tongue touching the posterior part of the alveolar ridge.

Symbol: [ǁ]
Definition: alveolar lateral click
Name of Symbol: double pipe
Production Instructions: Make the sound used for encouraging horses, by lowering the sides of the tongue

Symbol: [ǂ]
Definition: palatoalveolar click
Name of Symbol: double-barred pipe

Term: murmur / breathy voice
Class of term: type of sound
Definition: vocal folds vibrating while apart

Symbol: [ɦ]
Definition: murmured h (voiced h)
Name of Symbol: hooktop h
Example Words: aha

Symbol: ̤  (e.g. a̤)
Definition: breathy voice / murmur
Name of Symbol: subscript umlaut

Term: creaky voice / laryngealized
Class of term: type of sound
Definition: arytenoid cartilages (part of glottis) tightly together so that the vocal folds can only vibrate at one end

Symbol: [  ̰  ] (e.g.  [b̰], [j̰])
Definition: creaky voice / laryngealized
Name of Symbol: subscript tilde

Symbol: [ɸ]
Definition: voiceless bilabial fricative
Name of Symbol: phi [faɪ]
Production Instructions: Bring the two lips together, so that there is only a slit between them.

Symbol: [β]
Definition: voiced bilabial fricative
Name of Symbol: beta
Production Instructions: Bring the two lips together, so that there is only a slit between them.

Symbol: [ɱ]
Definition: voiced labiodental nasal
Name of Symbol: left-tail M (at right)
Example Words: emphasis, symphony ([m] before [f])

Term: linguo-labial
Class of term: place of articulation
Definition: tongue touches upper lip

Symbol: [ ̼ ] (e.g. [ð̼])
Definition: linguo-labial
Name of Symbol: subscript seagull

Symbol: [ʈ]
Definition: voiceless retroflex stop
Name of Symbol: right-tail T
Production Instructions: Start with [s], in which the tip of the tongue is raised toward the front part of the alveolar ridge. Now, while maintaining the fricative noise, slowly slide the tip of the tongue back, curling it up as you move it backward. This gives [ʂ]. Now, with your tongue still in this position, make a stop instead.

Symbol: [ɖ]
Definition: voiced retroflex stop
Name of Symbol: right-tail D
Production Instructions: Start with [s], in which the tip of the tongue is raised toward the front part of the alveolar ridge. Now, while maintaining the fricative noise, slowly slide the tip of the tongue back, curling it up as you move it backward. This gives [ʂ]. Now, with your tongue still in this position, make a stop instead.

Symbol: [ɳ]
Definition: voiced retroflex nasal
Name of Symbol: right-tail N
Production Instructions: Start with [s], in which the tip of the tongue is raised toward the front part of the alveolar ridge. Now, while maintaining the fricative noise, slowly slide the tip of the tongue back, curling it up as you move it backward. This gives [ʂ]. Now, with your tongue still in this position, make a nasal instead.

Symbol: [ɽ]
Definition: voiced retroflex flap
Name of Symbol: right-tail R

Symbol: [ʂ]
Definition: voiceless retroflex fricative
Name of Symbol: right-tail S (at left)
Production Instructions: Start with [s], in which the tip of the tongue is raised toward the front part of the alveolar ridge. Now, while maintaining the fricative noise, slowly slide the tip of the tongue back, curling it up as you move it backward. This sounds something like [ʃ], although the articulatory position is different.

Symbol: [ʐ]
Definition: voiced retroflex fricative
Name of Symbol: right-tail Z
Production Instructions: Start with [z], in which the tip of the tongue is raised toward the front part of the alveolar ridge. Now, while maintaining the fricative noise, slowly slide the tip of the tongue back, curling it up as you move it backward. This sounds something like [ʒ], although the articulatory position is different.

Symbol: [ɻ]
Definition: voiced retroflex approximant
Name of Symbol: turned R with right tail

Symbol: [ɭ]
Definition: voiced retroflex lateral approximant
Name of Symbol: right-tail L

Term: apical
Class of term: type of sound (tongue position)
Definition: sound made with the tip of the tongue

Term: laminal
Class of term: type of sound (tongue position)
Definition: sound made with the blade of the tongue

Term: alveolo-palatal
Class of term: place of articulation
Definition: similar to palato-alveolar (post-alveolar), but with considerable raising of the front of the tongue
Examples: [ɕ], [ʑ]

Symbol: [ɕ]
Definition: voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
Name of Symbol: curly-tail C
Example Words: Mandarin Chinese (pinyin): xi [_i], ji [t͡_], qi [t͡_ʰ]
e.g. Xi'an

Symbol: [ʑ]
Definition: voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
Name of Symbol: curly-tail Z

Symbol: [ç]
Definition: voiceless palatal fricative
Name of Symbol: C cedilla
Example Words: hue, German ich, nicht
Production Instructions: Say [ç] as in hue and try to prolong the sound.

Symbol: [ʝ]
Definition: voiced palatal fricative
Name of Symbol: curly-tail J
Production Instructions: Say [ç] as in hue and try to prolong the sound. Add voice. Make sure the tip of the tongue is down behind the lower front teeth.

Symbol: [c]
Definition: voiceless palatal stop
Production Instructions: Start with [ç] as in hue, then change the fricative to a stop by raising the front of the tongue still more while keeping the tip of the tongue down.

Symbol: [ɟ]
Definition: voiced palatal stop
Name of Symbol: barred dotless J
Production Instructions: Start with [ç] as in hue, then change the fricative to a stop by raising the front of the tongue still more while keeping the tip of the tongue down. Add voicing.

Symbol: [ɲ]
Definition: voiced palatal nasal
Name of Symbol: left-tail N (at left)
Example Words: French agneau, Spanish señor
Production Instructions: Start with [ç] as in hue, then change the fricative to a nasal. Raise the front of the tongue still more while keeping the tip of the tongue down. Or produce French agneau (be careful not to produce [nj]).

Symbol: [x]
Definition: voiceless velar fricative
Example Words: German Achtung [ʔa_tʊŋ] 'warning / watch out', Spanish ojo [ˈo_o] 'eye'
Production Instructions: Start from [ak], build up the pressure behind the velar closure, then lower the tongue slightly.

Symbol: [ɣ]
Definition: voiced velar fricative
Name of Symbol: gamma [gæmə]
Example Words: Spanish pago [ˈpaɣo] 'I pay' (often not very fricative)
Production Instructions: Start from [ak] or [ag], build up the pressure behind the velar closure, then lower the tongue slightly (and add voicing).

Symbol: [ɰ]
Definition: voiced velar approximant
Name of Symbol: turned M with right leg
Example Words: sometimes Spanish pago [ˈpaɣo] 'I pay', if not very fricative

Symbol: [ʁ]
Definition: voiced uvular fricative
Name of Symbol: inverted small capital R
Example Words: French rouge [_uʒ] 'red', rose [_oz], 'rose'

Symbol: [χ]
Definition: voiceless uvular fricative
Name of Symbol: chi [kaɪ]
Example Words: French lettre [let_] (r after voiceless stop), Swiss German Chuchichäschtli [ˈ_u_ːiˌ_æʃtli]
Production Instructions: Start with [x], then slide your tongue slightly farther back in your mouth so it is close to the uvula. Start by making this in sequences with back vowels, e.g. [aχa], [uχu].

Symbol: [q]
Definition: voiceless uvular stop
Production Instructions: Start with the fricative [aχa] (French lettre [letχ]), then make a stop at the same place of articulation.

Symbol: [ɢ]
Definition: voiced uvular stop
Production Instructions: Start with the fricative [aχa] (French lettre [letχ]), then make a stop at the same place of articulation.

Symbol: [ɴ]
Definition: voiced uvular nasal
Production Instructions: Start with the fricative [aχa] (French lettre [letχ]), then make a nasal at the same place of articulation.

Symbol: [ħ]
Definition: voiceless pharyngeal fricative
Name of Symbol: barred H

Symbol: [ʕ]
Definition: voiced pharyngeal fricative / approximant
Name of Symbol: reversed glottal stop

Symbol: [ʜ]
Definition: voiceless epiglottal fricative

Term: sibilant
Class of term: type of fricative
Definition: more acoustic energy (greater loudness) at higher pitch than other fricatives
Examples: [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ]

Symbol: [ʙ]
Definition: voiced bilabial trill
Production Instructions: Hold the lips loosely together to make [m], then blow the lips apart.

Symbol: [ⱱ]
Definition: voiced labiodental flap
Name of Symbol: right-hook v

Symbol: [ɬ]
Definition: voiceless dental/alveolar lateral fricative
Name of Symbol: belted L
Example Words: Welsh llan [_an] 'church'
Production Instructions: Start from [l], then move the sides of your tongue slightly closer to your teeth, or just try to subtract voicing from [l].

Symbol: [ɮ]
Definition: voiced dental/alveolar lateral fricative
Name of Symbol: l-ezh ligature
Production Instructions: Start from [l], then move the sides of your tongue slightly closer to your teeth.

Symbol: [ɺ]
Definition: voiced alveolar lateral flap
Name of Symbol: turned long-leg R
Example Words: May occur in languages such as Japanese which do not distinguish between [l] and [r]
Production Instructions: Make [ɾ] or [ɽ], then allow the airstream to flow over the sides of the tongue.

Symbol: [ʎ]
Definition: voiced palatal lateral approximant
Name of Symbol: turned Y
Example Words: Sometimes billion; Italian famiglia [faˈmi__a], 'family', figlio [ˈfi__o] 'son'

Symbol: [ʟ]
Definition: voiced velar lateral approximant

Symbol: [ʋ]
Definition: voiced labiodental approximant
Name of Symbol: cursive v

Symbol: [ʢ]
Definition: voiced epiglottal fricative / approximant
Name of Symbol: barred reversed glottal stop

Symbol: [ɥ]
Definition: voiced labial-palatal approximant
Name of Symbol: turned H
Example Words: French huit

Term: full 8 terms for classifying consonants
Definition (list of items): (1) airstream
(2) direction
(3) glottis / voicing
(4) tongue
(5) place
(6) centrality
(7) nasality
(8) manner
e.g. pulmonic egressive voiced apical alveolar central oral stop, i.e. [d]

Term: types of airstream
Definition (list of items): pulmonic, glottalic, velaric

Term: airstream directions
Definition (list of items): egressive, ingressive

Term: (complete) states of the glottis
Definition (list of items): voiced, voiceless, murmured, laryngealized, closed

Term: tongue positions
Definition (list of items): apical, laminal, neither

Term: (complete) places of articulation
Definition (list of items): bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, retroflex, palato-alveolar (post-alveolar), palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, epiglottal, labial-velar, linguo-labial, alveolo-palatal

Term: states of centrality (of airstream over tongue)
Definition (list of items): central, lateral

Term: states of nasality
Definition (list of items): oral, nasal

Term: (complete) manners of articulation
Definition (list of items): stop, fricative, approximant, trill, flap, tap

Symbol: [y]
Definition: high/close front rounded vowel
Example Words: German über, Mühe; French tu, rue

Symbol: [ɨ]
Definition: close/high central unrounded vowel
Name of Symbol: barred I

Symbol: [ʉ]
Definition: close/high central rounded vowel
Name of Symbol: barred U

Symbol: [ɯ]
Definition: close/high back unrounded vowel
Name of Symbol: turned M

Symbol: [ʏ]
Definition: near-close/near-high near-front rounded vowel
Example Words: German müssen, Ypsilon

Symbol: [ø]
Definition: close-mid/mid-high front rounded vowel
Name of Symbol: slashed O
Example Words: German Österreich 'Austria', hören 'hear'; French ceux

Symbol: [ɵ]
Definition: close-mid/mid-high central rounded vowel
Name of Symbol: barred O

Symbol: [ɤ]
Definition: close-mid/mid-high back unrounded vowel
Name of Symbol: ram's horns

Symbol: [o]
Definition: close-mid/mid-high back rounded vowel
Example Words: German oder 'or', Boot 'boat'; French haut, chose

Symbol: [ɘ]
Definition: close-mid/mid-high central unrounded vowel
Name of Symbol: reversed E

Symbol: [œ]
Definition: open-mid/mid-low front rounded vowel
Name of Symbol: lower-case O-E ligature
Example Words: German öffnen 'open', French sœur 'sister', jeune 'young'

Symbol: [ɞ]
Definition: open-mid/mid-low central rounded vowel
Name of Symbol: closed reversed epsilon

Symbol: [ɶ]
Definition: open/low front rounded vowel
Name of Symbol: small capital O-E ligature

Symbol: [ɐ]
Definition: near-open/near-low central vowel
Name of Symbol: turned A

Term: sonorant
Class of term: manner of articulation
Definition: not a fricative, stop or affricate (not an obstruent)