Title: Phonetics
Tags: nopicture termonology Anatomy PlacesOfArticulation monothongs Vowels false true trueorfalse Sauer-Code sauer allophones linking phonemicfeatures r Chart Vowel code describe release syllable voice

Name: Nasal Cavity
Number: 1

Name: Wind Pipe (Trachea)
Number: 16

Name: Lips (Labia)
Number: 7

Name: Alveolar Ridge
Number: 2

Name: Teeth (Dentes)
Number: 5

Name: Vocal Cords
Number: 12

Name: Pharynx or the Pharyngeal Cavity
Number: 8

Name: Larynx
Number: 17

Name: Back of the Tongue
Number: 15

Name: Tip of the Tongue
Number: 9

Name: Front of the Tongue
Number: 13

Name: Blade of the Tongue
Number: 11

Name: Uvula
Number: 6

Name: Soft Palate (Velum)
Number: 4

Name: Hard Palate (Palatum)
Number: 3

Name: Glottis
Number: 14

phoneme: /p/
manner of articulation: Plosive
point of articulation: bilabial
fortis,lenis: fortis
Other fields (not shown on cards):
allophonic features: aspiration,release

phoneme: /t/
manner of articulation: plosive
point of articulation: aleveolar
fortis,lenis: fortis
Other fields (not shown on cards):
allophonic features: aspiration;release

term: Homograph
definition: exact same spelling, diff. sounds
Example: lead (führen) – lead (Blei)
Forward: y

term: Homophones
definition: exact same sounds, diff. spelling
Example: night – knight
Forward: y

term: Descriptivism
definition: (with respect to language):
attempt to objectively describe language
as it is actually used (by a given speech
community, at a given point in time etc.)
Forward: y

term: Prescriptivism
definition: (with respect to language):
attempt to set up rules for correct
language use; not necessarily based on
actual language usage (but for example
with reference to an imagined ideal state)
Forward: y

term: Phonetics
definition: the study of speech sounds (and their
concrete characteristics)
Forward: y

term: Phonology
definition: the study of the sound system of a
particular language
Forward: y

term: Active articulator
definition: organ that moves; is
actively involved in producing sounds
(typically: lower lips, tongue)
Forward: y

term: Passive articulator
definition: target of articulation,
either through direct contact or
approximation
Forward: y

term: Place of articulation
definition: - consonants: place of contact or maximal
approximation
- vowels: highest point of tongue arch
Forward: y

Name: bilabial
Number: 1

Name: labio-dental
Number: 2

Name: dental
Number: 3

Name: alveolar
Number: 4

Name: post-alveolar
Number: 5

Name: palato-alveolar
Number: the area between 4 + 6

Name: palatal
Number: 6

Name: velar
Number: 6

Name: glottal
Number: 8

Q: Name and describe the Intensities of articulation
A: Fortis: high muscular tension, strong breath
force ;
Lenis: little muscular tension, weak breath
force

Q: What is the difference between voiceless sounds and voiced sounds?
A: Voiceless sounds: vocal folds open
Voiced sounds: vocal folds vibrating

term: Phoneme
definition: smallest contrastive (distinctive, meaning-
distinguishing) unit in the sound system of a language
(kleinste bedeutungsunterscheidende Einheit)
- How to establish what phonemes there are in a given
language (= the phoneme inventory of a language):
minimal pair/set analysis
Forward: y

term: minimal pairs
definition: pairs of words that differ in meaning and in
only one sound
e.g. beg-bed, ran-pan, house-hiss, write-rhyme
Forward: y

term: allophones
definition: variant realisations of the same phoneme that
show consistent phonetic differences; occur in free variation
or complementary distribution
Forward: y

term: distinctive features of consonants in English
definition: place of articulation, manner of articulation, intensity
(type of
airstream, voicing and other articulatory features used for the classification of phones in phonetics are not distinctive in English)
Forward: y

term: Content words
definition: (lexical words, full words,
autosemantic words): have a stateable lexical
meaning (largely independent of context)
e.g. nouns, full verbs, adjectives, majority of
adverbs
(-> majority of words)
Forward: y

term: Function words
definition: (form words, grammatical words,
synsemantic words): primarily express
grammatical relationships
e.g. determiners (the, a, this,...), pronouns (she,
them,...), conjunctions (and, but,...), auxiliary
verbs (can, do,...), prepositions (at, from,...)
(-> only fairly few words, but highly frequent)
Forward: y

term: Weak Forms
definition: in connected speech, function words mostly occur
in this manner, not in their strong forms
(strong forms: forms when words are used in
isolation)
- typically have a reduction of vowel
quality, and sometimes elision of
consonants
- many words have more than one
Forward: y

Q: Manner of articulation
A: -obstruction of airstream in the vocal
tract -> consonants
- no obstruction of airstream in the vocal
tract -> vowel

term: Fortis sounds (Consonants)
definition: articulation with more muscular
effort and greater breath force
voiceless in all positions
fortis plosives are aspirated in
syllable-initial position
vowels are shortened before a
fortis consonant
describe: y

term: Lenis sounds
definition: -with less muscular effort
and less breath force
-may be voiced (opposed to fortis sounds that are always voiceless)
-may be voiced
-vowels have full length
before a final lenis consonant
describe: y

term: the Stages in the articulation of a plosive
definition: 1. the approach stage: the articulators come
together and form the closure
2. the hold stage: air is compressed behind the
closure
3. the release stage: the articulators part and the
compressed air is released rapidly
describe: y

Name: Oral Cavity
Number: 18

Q: /v_v
A: a voiced context; or sound surrounded by vowels or/and lenis consonants

Q: LC
A: lenis consonant

Q: #
A: word boundary (space)

Q: FC_
A: after a fortis consonant

Q: _V
A: in front of a vowel

Q: C
A: consonant (can be either fortis or lenis)

Q: _.V
A: in front of a unstressed vowel

Q: _l,r,m
A: in front of a l,  r or m

Q: Describe the struture of a Syllable
A: Syllable consists of onset and rhyme. the rhyme itself consists of the nucleus/peak/center and the coda

Q: list all Allophonic Variations of release and the context in which they occur for plosives
A: oral-release /_~
nasal-release /_homo-organic nasal
lateral- /_lateral
no release /_plosive,affricate

Q: list all Allophonic Varation of voice and the context in wich they occur for lenis plosives
A: fully voiced  /v_v
partially devoiced  /#_
devoiced  /_#

Q: What exatly is a "linking r"  and how,where and when does it occur?
A: In non rhotic accents, like RP, /r/ at the end of a word (/_# ) is usually not pronunced even though <r> is present in the spelling. But   /r/ is pronunced before a word beginning with a vowel (_# #v.)
e.g. far off, answer it
This exeption is called  linking r and must be transcribed in RP.  Linking r only occurs in non-rhotic accents.

Q: What is an "intrusive r" ?
A: When /r/ is pronunced before a word beginning with a vowel even though there is no <r> in the spelling.
It occurs mainly in non-rhotic accents and is considered incorrect. Therefore it should not be transcribed.
-often after schwa-endings (/ə#_)
e.g. Russia/r/ and the US; idea/r/ of it
-sometimes after final  /a:,ɔ:
e.g. I saw/r/ it

Q: Name the three different cavities of the organs of speech
A: nasal cavity
orl cavity
pharyngeal cavity

Q: Is the following statement true or false?
voicing is a disinctive feature of the English langue
A: false (intensity/energy is)

Q: allophones belong to the area of phonology
A: False, theybelong to phonetics

Q: the velum is a passive articulator
A: true

Q: moan,men,mine,moon is a minimal set
A: True, only the vowel changes

Q: RP is poken only by a small % of people but is more widespread than GA
A: False, GA is more widespread than RP

Phone: [p]
Manner: Plosive
Place: Bilibial
Intensity: fortis

Phone: [b]
Manner: Plosive
Place: Bilibial
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [t]
Manner: Plosive
Place: Aleveolar
Intensity: fortis

Phone: [d]
Manner: Plosive
Place: Alveolar
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [k]
Manner: Plosive
Place: Velar
Intensity: fortis

Phone: [g]
Manner: Plosive
Place: Velar
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [f]
Manner: Fricative
Place: Labio-Dental
Intensity: fortis

Phone: [v]
Manner: Fricative
Place: Labio-Dental
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [s]
Manner: Fricative
Place: Alveolar
Intensity: fortis

Phone: [θ]
Manner: Fricative
Place: Dental
Intensity: fortis

Phone: [ð]
Manner: Fricative
Place: Dental
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [z]
Manner: Fricative
Place: Alveolar
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [ʃ]
Manner: Fricative
Place: Palato-Alveolar
Intensity: fortis

Phone: [ʒ]
Manner: Fricative
Place: Palato-Alveolar
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [h]
Manner: Fricative
Place: Glottal
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [m]
Manner: Nasal
Place: Bilibial
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [n]
Manner: Nasal
Place: Alveolar
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [ŋ]
Manner: Nasal
Place: Velar
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [l]
Manner: Lateral
Place: Alveolar
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [w]
Manner: Approximant/ Semi-vowel
Place: Bilibial
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [r]
Manner: Approximant / Semi-vowel
Place: Post-Alveolar
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [j]
Manner: Approximant / Semi-vowel
Place: Palatal
Intensity: lenis

Phone: [ʧ]
Manner: Affricate
Place: Palato-Alveolar
Intensity: fortis

Phone: [ʤ]
Manner: Affricate
Place: Palato-Alveolar
Intensity: lenis

Q: /#_
A: After the word boundary; at the beginning of a word

Q: /v_v
A: in a voiced context; sound surrounded by vowels or/and lenis consonnants

Q: FC
A: fortis Consonant

Q: /_#
A: before the word boundary, at the end of a word

Name: e
Answer Picture: /e/ is produced differently in RP an GA
Number: 5
features: front, half close- half open, unrounded
Accent: RP

Name: i:
Number: 1
features: front,close undrounded
Accent: GA and RP

Name: ɪ
Number: 2
features: front-central, half close, unrounded lips
Accent: GA and RP
Comment: Note:
/ɪ/ is centralized before /l/; raides before velars; Ga & mod. RP happy-tensing

Name: ʊ
Number: 3
features: back-central vowel,half close, rounded
Accent: RP and GA
Comment: Note: mirror image of / ɪ /

Name: u:
Number: 4
features: back vowel, close, rounded
Accent: RA and GA
Comment: Note: mirror image of /i:/

Name: ɜ:
Number: 7
features: central vowel, half close - half open, undrouden (spread) lips
Accent: RP and GA

Name: ə
Number: 8
features: central vowel, half close-half open, unrouded
Accent: RP and GA
Comment: most frequent of all phonemes, spelled with most vowel letters, occurs only in unstressed syllables

Name: ɔ:
Number: 9
features: back vowel, half open - half close, rounded
Accent: RP and GA
Comment: Note: more frequent in RP; in GA mainly before /r/

Name: æ
Number: 10
features: front,half open,unrounded
Accent: GA and RP

Name: ʌ
Number: 11
features: central vowel, half open-open, unrounded lips
Accent: RP and GA
Comment: Note: spelled <u> and <o>

Name: ɑ:
Answer Picture: ɑ: is produced differently in GA and RP
Number: 12
features: back vowel, open, unrounded
Accent: GA
Comment: Note: /ɑ:/ is far more frequent in GA than RP

Name: ɒ
Number: 13
features: back vowel, open, rounded
Accent: RP
Comment: /ɒ/ is only present in RP. A /ɒ/ in RP usually translates to a /ɑ:/ in GA

Name: e
Number: 6
features: front vowel, half open, unrouded
Accent: GA